@conference {
	title = {Motion-Compensated Wavelet Transform Coding for Full-Motion Color Video Signals},
	author = {Zhang, Ya-Qin. , Zafar, Sohail., Baras, John S.},
	year = {1991},
	month = {11/1991},
	abstract = {The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has recently received much attention in the context of image~processing due to its flexibility in representing nonstationary image signals and its ability in ~adapting human visual characteristics. Its relationships to subband coding, Gabor transform, pyramid~structure and other intermediate spatial-frequency representation have been investigated [MALL89][BURT 89][VETT90]. Most of current research in DWT has been concentrated on still imagecoding in the area of data compression. In [BAAZ90], DWT was applied to decompose a sequence~of images and no coding results were reported. It is the purpose of this paper to apply DWT to~compress full motion color TV video signals using inter-frame motion-compensated coding, which,~to the best of our knowledge, has not been researched previously.

The compression scheme we implemented in our work is an interframe hybrid DPCM/DWT scheme~with a new motion compensation method. After motion compensation, the displaced frame difference(DFD) residue video signal is decomposed by wavelet representation and the wavelet pyramid~samples are uniformly quantized in each band. The quantization process takes advantage of human~visual characteristics and coefficients are weighted prior to the quantization. Motion vectors are~noiselessly coded. All quantities are entropy-coded adaptively prior to the transmission. The number~of samples in the wavelet representation is equal to the samples in the original frame as a consequence~of orthogonality of the decomposition.~

Two new block-based motion estimation schemes, namely: intra-frame and inter-frame predictive~motion estimation schemes, are used to find the displacement information prior to the wavelet~decomposition on the displace difference frame. In the proposed intra-frame predictive pattern~searching scheme (PPS), motion information in the neighboring blocks is exploited. This is especially~useful in estimating motion vectors of video signals which contain large homogeneous areas and~translations caused by object moving or camera panning. Therefore, motion vectors for these areas~are highly correlated. The purpose of intra-frame PPS is to take advantage of this correlation and~ hereby reduce the searching area. The proposed inter-frame predictive pattern searching scheme is based on the "inertia" property of moving object. The motion vectors of a block is estimated from~those of previous frames represented by an autoregressive model. The propose intra/inter PPS~Schemes not only significantly reduce the computational complexity of motion estimations, it also~gives more realistic motion vectors.

The proposed motion compensated DWT coding scheme is implemented in our Abekas-60 based~video compression testbed. The Abekas A-60 is basically a digital video recorder which allows a~real-time playback of 25 second recorded CCIR 601 digital video. The Abekas system is interfaced~with a SPARC workstation, where the compression software resides. By software simulation of the~compression/decompression techniques in the SPARC, we can reconstruct video segments to~compare with the original signal via a real-time play back. Therefore, we can evaluate compression performance, quality degradation, computational efficiency of different coding algorithms. The test~sequences "CAR" and "TOPGUN" we use are two full-motion color video sequences in CCIR 601~format with 720 by 480 per frame, 16 bits per pixel in YUV format (or 24 bits in RGB format) and~30 frames/60 fields per second. We measured the first-order entropy of the DFD signal, the entropy~of motion vectors, the reconstructed signal-to-noise ratio at a coding rate ranging from 1Mbps to 3~Mbps. Those results are also compared with the MPEG-like scheme which uses a motion~compensated hybrid DPCM/DCT scheme and is currently being standardized by the CCITT MPEG~committee. The subjective and comparative results suggest that the DWT can be successfully applied~to full-motion video compression and less "blocking effect" is observed compared to the DCT-based~block transform coding with about the same data rate and signal-to-noise ratio.},
	address = {Boston, Massachusetts},
	booktitle = {SPIE-Visual Communications and Image Processing {\textquoteright}91: Sixth in a Series},
	pages = {pp. 301-316}
}
@conference {
	title = {Predictive Block-Matching Motion Estimation Schemes for Video Compression -- Part I:  Inter-Block Prediction},
	author = {Zafar, Sohail., Zhang, Ya-Qin. , Baras, John S.},
	year = {1991},
	month = {04/1991},
	abstract = {A new motion estimation/compensation~scheme for TV coding is proposed in this paper. This~scheme is based on prediction of inter-block motion information using minimum absolute difference block matching and hence substantially increases the searching and computation efficiency. A comparison is also made with the "optimal" full motion searching scheme for a standard test sequence.},
	address = {Williamsburg, Virginia},
	booktitle = {The IEEE Southeastcon {\textquoteright}91 Conference},
	pages = {pp. 1088-1092}
}
@conference {
	title = {Predictive Block-Matching Motion Estimation Schemes for Video Compression -- Part II: Inter-frame Prediction of Motion Vectors},
	author = {Zhang, Ya-Qin. , Zafar, Sohail., Baras, John S.},
	year = {1991},
	month = {04/1991},
	abstract = {A new predictive block-matching motion estimation scheme is proposed in this paper for efficient video codec design. The proposed Scheme is based on the "inertia" effect of natural video scenes and takes advantage of the motion vectors obtained in the previous frames. Not only motion searching time and overhead are significantly reduced, the proposed scheme also provides realistic motion tendency, which is very useful for frame skipping/interpolation techniques. These advantages are also demonstrated by some experimental results obtained on Abekas video system.},
	address = {Williamsburg, Virginia},
	booktitle = {The IEEE Southeastcon {\textquoteright}91 Conference},
	pages = {pp. 1093-1095}
}
